(5800 - 6800 ft)
June 2006
Adalbert Goertz:
Bees and Wildflowers in the Colorado Springs Area.
There are many amateur naturalists who study plants in their home
areas, particularly flowering plants. There are garden clubs who
prove that people love flowering plants. There are wildflower walks
organized by the Nature Centers in Colorado Springs.
Most of these flower lovers know that insects play an important role
in propagating the plants and in producing seeds.
But when it comes to answering the question: Which insect is crucial
in pollinating your favorite wildflower to make it produce its seed,
they would have to admit that they never asked themselves that kind
of question. They may guess that it probably would be a bee of some
"sort" or maybe a butterfly? (Garden clubs are often concerned more
with eradicating those "insect pests".)
Since I am asking that kind of question myself and having to admit
that I do not know the answer either, I decided that I had to try to
find out.
What I learned by reading on the topic of "Insects and Flowers" is that
the insect academics do not have a general answer either.
(I realised that they did not want to assist me in this project because
they were struggling in the dark themselves).
One man stands out among the "Insect and Flower" crowd, though:
Charles Robertson, 1858-1935, who wrote an amazing book "Flowers and
Insects" on this topic for Illinois (latest edition published in 1928).
He did not earn advanced degrees, but took courses in zoology and
botany at Harvard University and the University of Illinois.
He was a professor of biology and Greek at Blackburn College
in Carlinville for 18 years. Robertson's primary interest was the
relationship between flowers and insects.
Arnold Mallis in his book on American Entomologists (Rutgers UP 1971)
did not find space for C.Robertson. C.R. is my Insect-Flower hero who
deserves as many successors in as many areas as possible all over the
world.
So, if you need an insect project, why not try to list the insects who
visit/pollinate flowers in your area? It certainly will be the first
attempt for your area, I promise. Do not try to do this job alone.
Enlist the help of fellow naturalists, members of garden clubs,
beekeepers.
Be the area coordinator and compiler for this information.
Put this information on the internet, ask for comments, corrections.
Aspire to be a Charles Robertson for your area.
Charles Robertson revisited
Another hero in my book is T.D.A.Cockerell (1866-1948) who studied
many areas in natural history, including the wild bees of Colorado.
William A.Weber edited the memoirs of Cockerell in:
The American Cockerell (University Press of Colorado, 2000) which makes
delightful reading and is an encouragement for any amateur entomologist.
I have just begun to look into Cockerell's many papers.
The insects who visit or pollinate flowers basicly belong to the
following orders and families:
Insects that eat pollen and drink nectar
Compiled from Burgess (1991), Kevan & Baker (1983), and Kratochwil (1983).
ACARI
Gamasida (Mesostigmata:Parasitidae)
Parasitus coleopterorum,L=0.6mm, (Poecilochirus sp.?) is an
orange-colored mite which travels on Coleoptera (Silpha,Nicrophorus,
Silphidae only?) and may be found left behind on yellow composite
flowers eating pollen. Info is needed here!
COLLEMBOLA
BLATTARIA
DERMAPTERA
ORTHOPTERA
PLECOPTERA
HEMIPTERA
Anthocoridae
Miridae
THYSANOPTERA
NEUROPTERA
MECOPTERA
COLEOPTERA
common on flowers
Nitidulidae
Cerambycidae
Oedemeridae
Elateridae
less common on flowers
Alleculidae
Buprestidae
Cantharidae
Cephaloidae
Chrysomelidae
Cleridae
Coccinellidae
Curculionidae
Dermestidae
Languriidae
Meloidae
Melyridae
Mordellidae
Phalacridae
Scarabidae
Carabidae (a few are feeding on pollen)
DIPTERA
Common on flowers:
Syrphidae
Tachinidae
Bombyliidae
Less common on flowers:
Anthomyiidae
Calliphoridae
Muscidae
Sarcophagidae
Rarely found on flowers:
Acroceridae
Agromyzidae
Conopidae
Empididae
Phoridae
Psilidae
Rhagionidae
Sepsidae
Tabanidae
Tephritidae
Bibionidae
Cecidomyiidae
Ceratopogonidae
Culicidae
Tipulidae
Diptera as Pollinators: A survey (Kearns)
Diptera pollinators in Germany
LEPIDOPTERA
common on flowers:
Lycaenidae
Satyridae
Pieridae
Zygaenidae
less common on flowers:
Hesperiidae
Nymphalidae
Noctuidae
Geometridae
Arctiidae
Papilionidae
Pyralidae
TRICHOPTERA
HYMENOPTERA
Xyelidae
Apoidea (Apiformes)
Vespidae (Masarinae,Eumeninae)
Ichneumonidae
Tenthredinidae
(Genera: Athalia, Dolerus, Hoplocampa, Hylotoma, Macrophya,
Macroxyela, Monophadnus, Nematus, Opistoneura, Pseudopsiobla)
Sphecoidea-Spheciformes (Sphecidae, Crabronidae)
Pompilidae
Chrysididae
Formicidae
Scoliidae
In the Colorado Springs area, I find that the ranking of
flower-visiting insect orders is
Apoidea
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Sphecoidea (Crabronidae, Sphecidae)
Other Hymenoptera (mainly Pompilidae)
Coleoptera
Hemiptera
Some suspect the recent invasion of the European Polistes dominulus
paper wasp for a decrease of Lepidopteran pollinators.
Not all flowering plants produce nectar.
Wind-pollinated and nectarless plants are:
Gramineae (wild grasses,cereals, maize), Cyperaceae (sedges), Rumex,
Cannabis, Quercus, Amaranthus, Pinaceae (Abies, Pinus, Picea, Juniperus,
Larix), Betula, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Carpinus, Populus, Alnus,
Corylus, Urtica, Typha, Juncaceae, Cistaceae(?).
Nectarless, but more/less entomophilous (mainly Coleoptera?) are:
Papaverac., Plantago, Thalictrum, Chenopodiaceae, Ambrosia, Artemisia,
Solanaceae, Commelinaceae, Dodecatheon (pulchellum only?), Pedicularis
(groenlandica only?), Rosa (all?), Potentilla, Rubus, Fallugia.
Estimates suggest that 60-70% of plant species rely on insects for
pollination. Only few Lepidoptera and certain Diptera are important
pollinators for some plant species and in certain biomes (e.g., alpine
Diptera; Kearns 1992), the Apoidea (bees), with 20,000-30,000 species
worldwide and about 7000 species in North America, stand out as the
dominant pollinating group in nearly all geographic regions,
followed by Diptera (mostly Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Bombyliidae).
Apoid scholars divide the "wild bees" into two groups:
Short-tongued and Long-tongued bees.
Nobody has explained to me what these terms mean. A question to the
palynologist (= pollination) internet list about how many millimeters
of bee tongue would be short or long did not generate a satisfactory
response from the academics.
So, here is my explanation:
The length Z of bee tongue (for Zunge in German) must be measured
in terms of the body length L of the bee.
I found in the litera ture some typicaol numbers for Z and L:
(see C.M.Proctor et al.:The Natural History of Pollination, p.114)
Colletes Z = 2.5 - 3 mm L = ca.8 mm
Hylaeus = 1.25 mm = 6.5 mm
Halictus = 4.-4.5 mm = 10 mm
Lasioglossum = 2.5 mm = 5.5 mm
Sphecodes = 2 mm = 8.5 mm
Andrena = 2.5 mm = 8. mm
Apis mellifera = 6.5 mm = 12 mm
Some proboscis lengths for Diptera are:
Syrphus Z = 2-4mm L = 9-13 mm
Bombylius = 10-12mm = 10-12 mm
So, for practical purposes we may use as a rule of thumb:
Short tongue ratios Z/L less than 0.5
Long tongue ratios Z/L greater the 0.5.
Some proboscis lengths for Lepidoptera are:
(see C.M.Proctor et al.:The Natural History of Pollination, p.81)
Pieris brassicae Z/L = 0.5 L = 16 mm
Autographa gamma = 0.8 = 15-16 mm
Papilio machaon = 0.5 = 18-20 mm
Coenonympha pamphilus = 0.5 = 7 mm
Inachis io = 0.5 = 17 mm
Sphinx ligust. = 0.5 = 37 - 46 mm
Bees are not the only invertebrate pollinators. Kearns (2001) cites
evidence to suggest that flies are more important pollinators than we
currently assume. They are persistent visitors of flowers, and,
despite their relative hairlessness, are likely to be important
pollinators of some flowering species. Diptera (flies) of the genera
Bibio, Bombylius, Calliphora, Dilophus, Eristalis, Lucilia, Platycheirus,
Rhingia, Sarcophaga, and Syrphus seem to be the most widely polylectic
flies in the Colorado Springs area.
Bee flies (Bombyliidae), and Hover flies (Syrphidae) live entirely
on nectar and pollen.
Butterflies and moths feed mostly on nectar, and are not significant
pollinators except by accident.
Beetles feed mostly on aphids, grubs and larvae, although some are minor
pollinators.
In Colorado Springs I usually find more Diptera (flies) on flowers than
Lepidoptera (Butterflies).
Coleoptera and Hemiptera apparently are less suited for
pollination (hemitropic) although some feed on nectar or pollen.
Some are outright destructive while doing so (dystropic).
Insect identification is the most frustrating effort in entomological
pursuits. Academics would say that there is no shortcut on the royal
highway to ID:
Get a dichotomic key, make each choice at each fork until you end up
with the ID of your specimen. If you fail to arrive at your goal, we know
that you are not a true scholar.
I suggest another approach:
Since so many IDs have been done by academics, compile a data base
for insect species giving body length (ranges), antenna length/body lenth
ratio, body width/body length ratio, habitat (like food plant, flowers),
colors, macrodesciption (not vein patterns of wings) and let the computer
do some selection work. We do not have to re-invent the wheel of
dichotomic keying each time we try to figure out an ID.
The ID of the plant or flower usually is less of a problem than that of
the insect. To roam the field with a millimeter stick to check the bee
on the flower for body length, antenna length, body width requires some
practice that can be learned. Make note of these numbers immediately plus
other data (colors?). For diptera you need some fast skills to do this.
Write down the insect formula as explained on another web page since wing
display and body shape and antenna ratio each is important for IDs.
Coleoptera and Hemiptera usually give us plenty of time to apply our
millimeter stick.
Plant families vary in the percentage of the entire bee fauna that visit
flowers. Most of the individuals and of the bee species are usually taken
from Asteraceae for North America. Violaceae, Papavaraceae, Plantaginaceae,
and Lythraceae yield very few bees.
The plant list with the insect "suspects" you are likely to find on
flowers includes most that may be encountered in the Colorado Springs
area, maybe also in the Eastern Front Range of the Rockies.
I included wild plants only, no garden varieties.
A visit to your neighborhood nursery or garden center may also be
beneficial since the gardener usually provides the plant ID and your only
job, difficult enough, is to ID the insects visiting the flowers. It is a
good learning experience. These nursery visits remind me of the
ichthyologist who went to foreign lands to study fish and did so by
visiting the local fish market every morning to write his field guide to
fish in that area.
Needless to say, the listing below was done by checking and guessing from
books like
T.B.Mitchell's Eastern Bees (2 vols.),
the Catalogue of Hymenoptera, Vol.II by K.V.Krombein et al.,
J.S.Moure,P.D.Hurd:An Annotated Catalog of Halictid Bees,Wash.1987, and
P.D.Hurd Jr, W.E.LaBerge, E.G.Linsley, "Principal Sunflower Bees
of N.America with Emphasis on the SW US",in:
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Nr.310, 1980
(I found these titles in the Colorado College Library).
The four titles are valuable compilations of many flower visitor
"guesses" among them, in my opinion. (Motto: Better guesses than nothing)
The Colorado insect checklist on the CUMUSEUM website was a great
help,too.
If you discover some absurdities, send me your constructive comments,
which apoid species to drop, add, or replace.
I deliberately use the word "guessing" here to caution you. An academic
would never try this job and admit that he/she was guessing:
Your peers would never forgive and clobber you. That may not be true, but
why take chances and jeopardize your reputation?
That is why this delicate job has not been done before.
But then,, there are so many alleged species among the described bees
that I had to wonder whether a number of them may not be synonyms or
simply subspecies, races or local variations which would require some
educated lumping guesses to make IDs manageable.
If you dont see any bees under the plant names, it means that I have not
found bees in the literature or that the plant is no "bee plant" but
rather a butterfly or fly or beetle or ??? plant and that I need to hear
from you to give me some clues.
(E) means that the plant is an European (?) immigrant.
Presently, I am thinking of screening the European literature to get some
ideas who visits these flowers in the old country. Maybe people found
something there which would be of interest here. There are some
interesting titles on my European book list which are hard to find here.
Any co-conspiritors out there in cyberspace who can assist?
I am uncertain about how often to expect parasitic species to show up on
flowers. The literature lists only afew on flowers.
A paper in Germany finds that parasitic individual bees amount to well
less than 10% of their host species. Assuming that this is also true
for American parasitic bee to host bee ratios, I am listing
the genera of parasites and hosts to be expected in the field for
Colorado Springs:
Parasitc genera and their host genera to be expected:
Sphecodes --------------- Halictus/Lasioglossum/Evylaeus
Stelis ------------------ Heriades/Hoplitis/Osmia/Anthidium
Heterostelis ------------ Heteranthidium
Coelioxys --------------- Megachile
Nomada ------------------ Andrena/Evylaeus
Epeolus ----------------- Colletes
Triepeolus -------------- Melissodes
Neolarra ---------------- Perdita
Melecta/Xeromelecta ----- Anthophora
Ericrocis --------------- Centris
Holcopasites ------------ Centris/Pseudopanurgus/Protandrena/Dufourea
Psithyrus --------------- Bombus
I suggest and hope that field observers pay attention to the
ratio of parasitic to host bees observed in their areas.
Sphecoids are frequent visitors of flowers.
Wasps: People have commented that they have seen wasps feeding
on nectar and pollen on flowers. What species might they be?
Wasps are meat eaters and would not visit flowers for pollen or rarely
for nectar, with the exception of Masarinae and Eumeninae of
Western North America. Colorado seems to have one Masarid species only,
Pseudomasarus vespoides, black with light-yellow bands and club antennae,
visiting Pentstemon, Salvia, Ranunculus and ??
Apis mf has not been listed below.
Wildflowers and their visiting bee suspects
in the Colorado Springs area.
Acerac. Acer glabrum - Rocky Mtn.Maple
Andrena Colletes
Agaver. Yucca glauca - Yucca
*Clerid beetle:Enoclerus spinolai
Amaranthac. Amaranthus retroflexus - Redroot Amaranth
Wind-pollinated/nectar-less
Amaranthac. Froelichia floridana - Field Snakecotton
Anacardiac.. Rhus trilobata - Trilobed Sumac
*Andrena carlini Lasioglossum trizonatum *Halictus ligatus,
*Evylaeus arcuatus Megachile mendica *Nomada lepida *Ceratina neomexicana
*Stelis lateralis *Apis mf.
Col:*Coccinella 9notata
Dipt:*Epalpus signifer
Anacardiac.. Toxicodendron radicans - Poison Ivy
Heriades variolosa
Apiac. Angelica ampla - Giant Angelica
Andrena sp.
Apiac. Conium maculatum - Poison Hemlock (E)
Andrena
Apiac. Heracleum sphondylium - Cow Parsnip (E)
Andrena Perdita albipennis Hoplitis pilosifrons
Hylaeus Colletes
Evylaeus Nomada Ceratina
Apocynac. Apocynum androsaemifolium - Spreading Dogbane
Andrena sp. Hoplites producta Megachile latimanus
Heriades variolosa Megachile sp. Dialictus cressonii
Dialictus albipennis Dialictus imitatus Dialictus pilosus Dialictus zephyrus Nomada Hylaeus sayi
Asclep. Asclepias asperula - Antelope Horn
Pseudopanurgus aethiops
Augochlorella striata Heriades variolosa Svastra obliqua
Asclep. Asclepias pumila - Low Milkweed
Pseudopanurgus aethiops
Augochlorella striata Heriades variolosa
Svastra obliqua
Asclep. Asclepias speciosa - Showy Milkweed
Pseudopanurgus aethiops Augochlorella striata Heriades variolosa
Svastra obliqua
Asterac. Achillea millefolium - Yarrow (E)
Halictus ligatus Agapostemon texanus Agapostemon virescens
Dialictus Evylaeus
Dipt:Eristalis Stratiomys Toxomerus
Asterac. Agoseris aurantiaca
Agapostemon angelicus Perdita sp. Dufourea sp.
Asterac. Agoseris glauca - False Dandelion
Andrena Augochlorella striata Halictus farinosus
Melissodes sp. Ceratina sp.
Asterac. Ambrosia artemesifolia - Common Ragweed
Nectar-less
Asterac. Ambrosia psilotachya - Western Ragweed
Ashmediella sp.
Asterac. Ambrosia trifida - Giant Ragweed
Nectar-less
Asterac. Antennaria parviflora - Pussytoes
Osmia Bombus Nomada
Evylaeus Sphecodes Andrena
Ceratina many Diptera?
Asterac. Antennaria rosea - Pussytoes
Andrena Augochlorella striata Nomada
Evylaeus Sphecodes Andrena
Ceratina Osmia Bombus
Asterac. Arctium minus - Common Burdock (E)
Dialictus imitata Melissodes bimaculata
Agapostemon virescens Megachile Coelioxys
Ceratina Bombus Halictus
Asterac. Artemisia frigida - Fringed Sage
Nectar-less Svastra obliqua
Asterac. Artemisia ludeviciana - Silver Sage
Nectar-less Svastra obliqua
Asterac. Artemisia tridentata - Sagebrush
Nectar-less Svastra obliqua
Asterac. Aster ericoides - Many-flowered Aster
Hylaeus Andrena Agapostemon virescens
Dialictus Halictus ligatus Halictus parallelus
Megachile Melissodes Apis mf
Dipt:Eristalis latifrons
Syrphus Toxomerus marginatus
Asterac. Aster hesperius - Violet Aster
Andrena
Heriades variolosa Melissodes bimatris
Asterac. Aster laevis - Smooth Aster
Andrena
Dialictus cressonii Heriades variolosa
Melissodes
Ceratina ?
Asterac. Bahia dissecta - Ragleaf Bahia
Andrena sp. Melissodes sp.
Asterac. Brickellia grandiflora - Tasselfower
Asterac. Carduus nutans - Musk Thistle (E)
Andrena Megachile latimanus
Agapostemon texanus Agapostemon coloradensis Agapostemon
Asterac. Centaurea diffusa - Knapweed
Augochlorella striata Osmia coloradensis
Asterac. Centaurea maculata - Spotted Knapweed
Augochlorella striata Osmia coloradensis Callanthidium ulkei
Asterac. Centaurea repens - Russian Knapweed
Augochlorella striata Osmia coloradensis Callanthidium ulkei
Asterac. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum - Oxeye Daisy
*Halictus ligatus *Agapostemon texanum angelicum
*Sphecodes sophiae *Megachile pugnata? *Megachile parallela
*Syrphidae: Meliscaeva cinc
Asterac. Chrysothamnus nauseosus - Rabbit Brush
Colletes coloradensis Andrena accepta Ashmediella bucconis
Osmia coloradensis Megachile Melissodeds agilis
Anthophora urbana Ceratina nanula Perdita
Halictus farinosus Agapostemon angelicus Agapostemon cockerelli
Asterac. Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus - Douglas Rabbit Brush
Anthidium mormonum Halictus tripartitus Dialictus pruinosus
Agapostemon angelicus Agapostemon cockerelli Osmia coloradensis
Megachile Melissodes Anthophora urbana
Asterac. Cichorium intybus - Chickory (E)
Augochlorella striata Halictus tripartitus Augochlorella striata
Asterac. Cirsium arvense - Canada Thistle (E)
Andrena Heriades variolosa Megachile latimanus
Megachile Ceratina nanula Dialictus imitatus
Dialictus zephyrus Agapostemon virescens Dipt:Hylemya
Stomoxys Toxomerus
Asterac. Cirsium canescens - Creamy Platte Thistle
Andrena Megachile mendica Heriades variolosa
*Diadasia australis
Asterac. Cirsium undulatum - Wavyleaf Thistle
Andrena helianthi Andrena Heriades variolosa
Asterac. Cirsium vulgare - Bull Thistle (E)
Andrena Anthidium maculosum Heriades variolosa
Osmia exigua Nomia nortonii
Agapostemon angelicus
Asterac. Conyza canadensis - Horseweed (E)
Hylaeus coloradensis Hylaeus mesillae
Dialictus pilosus Dialictus zephyrus Halictus ligatus
Calliopsis andreniformis Megachile brevis
Asterac. Dyssodia pappoda - Fetid Marigold
Asterac. Erigeron colo-mexicanus Sprawling Daisy
*Hylaeus *Sphecodes eustictus *Megachile brevis
*Coelioxys sayi *Heriades carinata
*Diptera
Hem: *Anthocorid
Asterac. Erigeron divergens - Spreading Daisy
Andrena Perdita Hoplitis pilosifrons
Osmia coloradensis Megachile mendica Ashmediella bucconis
Megachile Anthophora urbana
Asterac. Erigeron pumilus - Low Daisy
Andrena nothocalaides Perdita Hoplitis pilosifrons
Osmia coloradensis Megachile Halictus farinosus
Asterac. Erigeron speciosum - Showy Daisy
Andrena nothocalaides Perdita Hoplitis pilosifrons
Osmia coloradensis Megachile
Asterac. Gaillardia aristata - Blanket Gaillardia
Heteranthidium zebratum *Megachile perihirta,*M.parallela
*Melissodes bimaculata, *M.agilis *Svastra obliqua
*S.atripes *Melissodes menuachus
Asterac. Gaillardia pinnatifolia - Cut-leaf Gaillardia
Heteranthidium zebratum Megachile latimanus Svastra atripes
Svastra obliqua Augochlorella striata
Asterac. Grindellia squarrosa - Curlycup Gumweed
Colletes ruficinctus Colletes simulans Andrena accpeta
Pseudopanurgus aethiops Perdita affinis, P.ignota
Anthidium mormonum Heriades variolosa Megachile
Megachile latimanus Svastra obliqua
Melissodes communis Melissodes agilis Melissodes lupina
Melissodes bimaculata Dufourea marginata
Halictus farinosus Dialictus imitatus
Asterac. Gutierrezia sarotrae - Snakeweed
Colletes laticinctum Colletes intermixtus Andrena accepta
Andrena helianthi Perdita dubia
Heriades variolosa Melissodes agilis
Melissodes lupina Perdita luteola
Halictus farinosus Halictus tripartitus
Agapostemon melliventris
Asterac. Helianthus annuus - Big Sunflower (E)
Andrena helianthi Perdita albipennis
Heteranthidium zebratum Heriades variolosa Megachile frigida
Megachile parallela Megachile latimanus
Svastra atripes Svastra obliqua Melissodes communis
Melissodes agilis Melissodes coloradensis Melissodes coreopsis
Halictus farinosus Halictus tripartitus Halictus confusus
Dialictus imitatus Dialictus pilosus Augochlorella striata
Augochlora metallica Bombus huntii (abundant))
Asterac. Helianthus petiolaris - Prairie Sunflower
*Andrena haynesi *Andrena helianhti Pseudopanurgus aethiops
Perdita albipennis *Agapostemon virescens Heranthidium zebratum
*Heriades carinata Megachile parallela Megachile
*Melissodes agilis aMelissodes coloradensis Melissodes coreopsis
Ceratina nanula Perdita affinis Perdita fallax
Nomia triangulifera Nomia heteropoda Dufourea marginata
*Bombus huntii (abundant) Coelioxys 8dentata *Nomada vincta
*Nomada zebrata
Asterac. Heterotheca horrida - Mountain Golden Aster
Protandrena bancrofti Pseudopanurgus aethiops Perdita
Augochlorella striata Megachile
Asterac. Heterotheca villosa - Prairie Golden Aster
Dialictus Megavchile Melissodes
Bombus
Dipt:Eristalis Systoechus Toxomerus marginatus
Villa Lep:Vanessa cardui
Asterac. Hieracium gracilis -yellow
Megachile latimanus
Asterac. Hymenopappus tenuifolius - Slimleaf Creamy Tuft
Asterac. Hymenoxis
Asterac. Iva xanthifolia - Marshelder
Asterac. Lactuca pulchella - Blue Lettuce
Augochlorella striata Megachile latimanus Melissodes communis
Melissodes agilis
Asterac. Lactuca serrida - Prickly Yellow Lettuce
Augochlorella striata Megachile latimanus
Asterac. Liatris punctata - Kansas Gayfeather
Megachile latimanus Melissodes Bombus
Asterac. Lygodesmia juncea - Skeleton Plant
Megachile
Asterac. Machaeranthera bigolovii - Big.Tansy Aster
Andrena accepta
Asterac. Matricaria perforata - Pineapple Weed
*Melissodes hymenoxidis *Eristalis latifrons
Asterac. Ratibia columnifera - Prairie Coneflower
Andrena rudbeckiae Augochlorella striata
Heriades variolosa Megachile parallela Svastra obliqua
Melissodes bimaculata Melissodes communis
Asterac. Rudbeckia hirta - Blackeyed Susan
Andrena rudbeckiae Megachile Megachile latimanus
Svastra obliqua Melissodes agilis
Augochlorella striata Ceratina Coelioxys
Nomada Epeolus; Triepeolus helianthi grandis
Agapostemon Halictus Colletes
Asterac. Senecio fendleri - Fendler's Senecio
Hylaeus Andrena *Ashmeadiella pronitens Heriades variolosa
Hoplitis Hoplitis pilosifrons
Melissodes agilis
Asterac. Senecio integerrimus - Spring Senecio
*Andrena andrenoides, *A.gaHylaeus Osmia coloradensis
Hoplitis pilosifrons
Melissodes agilis
Asterac. Senecio spartioides - Broom Senecio
Andrena Augochlorella striata Heriades variolosa
Hoplitis pilosifrons Melissodes agilis Hylaeus
Asterac. Senecio vulgaris - Common Senecio (E)
Hylaeus
Asterac. Solidago missourensis - Goldenrod
Andrena Augochlorella striata
Heriades Hoplitis Megachile
Megachile latimanus Svastra obliqua
Melissodes bimaculata Dialictus imitatus Hylaeus sp.
Stelis Ceratina Ashmeadiella
Coelioxys Nomada Epeolus
Evylaeus Perdita Sphecodes
Asterac. Sonchus olearacius - Annual Sowthistle
Augochlorella striata Osmia coloradensis Megachile latimanus
Asterac. Taraxacum officinale - Dandelion (E)
*Hylaeus coloradensis *Andrena melanochroa, *A.crataegi
Agapostemon texanum *Halictus rubicundus, *H.ligatus
*Evylaeus arcuatus Megachile latimanus *Osmia calla
*Bombus huntii *Apis mf *Augochrolella striata
*Col:Bruchid:Anthraxia sp. *Dip: Thricops.*Tachinid Sphecidae
*Tenthred.:Dolerus
Asterac. Thelesperma megapotamicum - Rayless Greenthread
Svastra atripes Svastra petulca Melissodes communis
Asterac. Tragopogon dubius - Salsify
Argochlorella striata Halictus farinosus
Asterac. Virgulus falcatus - Rough White Aster
Boraginac. Cryptantha crassisepala - Bushy Cryptantha
Andrena Augochlorella striata
Boraginac. Hackelia floribunda - False Forget-me-not
Andrena
Boraginac. Lithospermum incisum - Narrow-leaf Puccoon
Osmia
Boraginac. Mertensia lancelolata - Chiming Bluebell
Andrena *Osmia Nomada
Boraginac. Oreocarya virgata - Miner's Candle
Brassicac. Alliaria officinalis (E) - Garlic Mustard
Andrena
Brassicac. Arabis divaricata - Rockcress
Andrena Megachile latimanus Agapostemon
Evylaeus Halictus Ceratina
Bombus Osmia Nomada
Brassicac. Barbarea orthoceras - Wintercress
Andrena
Brassicac. Berteroa incana - Hoary Cress
Augochlorella striata Heriades variolosa Dialictus cressonii
Dialictus imitata
Brassicac. Capsella bursa-pastoris - Shepherd's Purse (E)
Andrena Hylaeus Halictus tripartitus
Evylaeus Dialictus cressonii Dialictus imitata
Dialictus zephyrus Nomada
Brassicac. Cardaria draba - Whitetop Cress (E)
Andrena, Halictus, Nomada,
Lep.:Pieris, *Plutella,
Hem.:*Calocoris?,Orius niger Dip:*Syrphid
Brassicac. Chorispora tenella - Blue Mustard
Brassicac. Descuraina sophia - Tansy Mustard
Colletes coloradensis, Andrena,
Brassicac. Erysimum asperum - Western Wallflower
Andrena,
Lep:*Vanessa cardui, *Echinargus isola, *Diptera
Brassicac. Hesperis matronalis - Dame's Rocket (E)
Brassicac. Lepidium densiflorum - Peppercress
Ardena, Augochlorella striata,
Brassicac. Lepidium montanum - Peppercress
Ardena, Augochlorella striata
Brassicac. Lesquerella ludoviciana - Silvery Bladderpod
*Anthophora montana, *Bombus huntii,
Brassicac. Nasturtium officinale - Watercress
Andrena, Dialictus pilosus
Brassicac. Sisymbrium altissimum - Tumble Mustard
Andrena, Evylaeus, Lasioglossum sisymbrii,
*Dipt:Eupeodes, *Lep: Pieris protodice
Brassicac. Stanleya pinnata - Prince's Plume
Hoplitis, Anthophora bomboides
Brassicac. Thlaspi arvense - Field Pennycress (E)
Andrena,
Brassicac. Thlaspi montanum - Candituft
Andrena
Cactac. Echinocerus
Cactac. Opuntia inbricata - Cantelabra Cactus
Lithurge apicalis
Cactac. Opuntia polyacantha - Prickly Pear
*Agapostemon texanus angelicum Diadasia australis, Svastra petulca,
*Megachile brevis, Halictus rubicundus lerouxi *Hoplitis pilosifrons,
*Melissodes tristis
Campanulc. Campanula rapunculoides - Tall Bellflower (E)
Augochlorella striata
Campanulc. Campanula rotundifolia - Common Harebell (E)
Melissodes, Megachile,
Dipt:Toxomerus marginatus
Capparidac. Cleome serrulata - Rocky Mtn.Bee Plant
Colletes, Hylaeus megalotis, Andrena helianthi,
Andrena argemonis, Hoplitis, Megachile parallela,
Megachile relativa, Svastra atripes, Svastra obliqua,
Melissodes communis, Melissodes agilis, Anthophora montana,
Anthophora occidentalis, Ceratina nanula, Dialictus imitatus,
Dialictus pruinosus, Agapostemon angelicus, Bombus huntii,
Hemipt:Harmostes,
Dipt:Tachina mellea, Hylomyia, Vesp.:Odyneruas
Caprifol. Symphoricarpos occidentalis - Snowberry
Colletes, Andrena,
Augochlorella striata, Anthidium emarginatum, Megachile,
Melissodes bimaculata, Protandrena bancrofti, Halictus farinosus,
Bombus, Coelioxys, Agapostemon,
Evylaeus, Sphecodes, Hylaeus
Caprifoliac. Lonicera tatarica - Tataric Honeysuckle
Andrena *Bombus huntii, *B.morrisoni,
*Apis mf *Osmia calla
Caryophyl. Cerastium arvense - Mouse-ear Chickweed (E)
Halictus
Caryophyl. Saponaria officinalis - Bouncing Bet (E)
Caryophyl. Silene alba - White Campion (E)
Caryophyl. Stellaria media (E)
Dialictus imitatus, Augochlorella striata
Chenopodiac. Ceratoides lanata - Winterfat
Nectar-less
Chenopodiac. Chenopodium album - Common Lambsquarters (E)
Nectar-less Megachile
Chenopodiac. Kochia scoparia - Kochia
Nectar-less
Chenopodiac. Salsola kali - Russian Thistle
Nectar-less Andrena
Commelinac. Tradescantia occidentalis - Western Spiderwort
*Agapostemon texanum angelicum Halictus,
Bombus, Andrena
Convolvulac. Convolvulus arvensis - Bindweed
*Agapostemon texanum angelicum,
*Evylaeus (aberrans?), *Sphecodes eustictus
Convolvulac. Ipomoea hederacea - Ivyleaf Morningglory
Melissodes communis, Melissodes agilis,
Bombus pennsylvanicus, Peponapis pruinosa
Convolvulac. Ipomoea leptophylla - Bush Morningglory
Augochlorella striata, Melissodes communis, Melissodes agilis,
Agapostemon virescens
Crassulac. Sedum lanceolatum - Stonecrop
Augochlorella striata, Andrena
Dipsacac. Dipsacus silvestris - Teasel (E)
Melissodes agilis, Agapostemon,
Bombus pennsylvanicus
Eleagnac. Eleagnus angustifolium - Russian Olive
Euphorbiac. Euphorbia esula - Leafy Spurge
Andrena, Augochlorella striata, Sphecodes,
Hylaeus
Euphorbiac. Euphorbia maculata - Leafy Spurge
Andrena, Augochlorella striata
Euphorbiac. Euphorbia marginata - Snow-on-the-Mountain
Andrena, Augochlorella striata, Megachile
Fabac. Astragalus drummondi - Drummond Milkvetch
Andrena, Protandrena bancrofti, Augochlorella striata,
Halictus, *Megachile parallela, Anthidium
Melissodes, *Osmia Anthophora
*Bombus huntii, *B.pennsylvanicus,
Dip: *Syrphid
Fabac. Astragalus shortianus - Early Purple Milkvetch
Andrena, Heriades variolosa, Osmia,
Anthophora
Fabac. Coronilla varia - Crownvetch
*Megachile brevis, *Anthidium manicatum
Fabac. Dalea purpurea - Purple Prairie Clover
Fabac. Glycyrrhiza lepidota - Licorice
*Colletes petalostemonis *Osmia brevis *Hoplitis pilosifrons
*Megachile
Fabac. Lupinus argenteus - Silvery Lupine
Andrena,
Bombus centralis, Bombus fervidus,
Bombus pennsylvanicus, Apis mf.,
Hemipt:Apiomerus spissipes
Fabac. Lupinus hartwegi - Blue Garden Lupine
*Anthidium manicatum, *Megachile parallela,
*Bombus rufocinctus, *Bombus morrisoni
Fabac. Medicago lupulina - Black Medic
Fabac. Medicago sativa - Alfalfa (E)
Colletes albitarsis, Colletes mandibularis,
Andrena accepta, Andrena helianthi,
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Osmia nigrifrons,
Megachile parallela, Megachile latimanus, Svastra obliqua,
Melissodes bimaculata, Melissodes communis, Melissodes agilis
Fabac. Melilotus alba - White Sweet Clover (E)
Colletes, Andrena argemonis, Heriades variolosa,
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Sphecodes, Osmia nigrifrons,
Megachile, Anthophora, Melissodes bimaculata,
Melissodes communis, Ceratina nanula, Halictus farinosus,
Halictus, Dialictus imitatus, Dialictus pilosus,
Dialictus pruinosus, Agapostemon, Epeolus,
Fabac. Melilotus officinalis - Yellow Sweet Clover (E)
Colletes, Andrena miranda, Andrena,
Heriades variolosa, Osmia subfusciata,
Osmia nigrifrons, Halictus farinosus,
Anthophora, Melissodes bimaculata,
Melissodes communis, Ceratina nanula,
Fabac. Oxytropis lambertii - Lambert's Locoweed
Andrena,
Fabac. Oxytropis sericea - Rocky Mtn. Locoweed
Andrena
Fabac. Petalostmum compactum
Anthidium, Bombus rufocinctus, Colletes,
Nomia, Megachile brevis, Shpedid:Cerceris,
Chlorion, Philanthus, Dipt:Eristalis,
Dipt.:Odontomyia, Dipt.:Sarcophaga
Fabac. Petalostmum purpureum
Bombus huntii
Fabac. Psoralea tenuiflora Scurf Pea
Anthidium, Anthidium porterae, Anthidium tenuiflorae,
Callanthidium conspicuum, Megachile brevis, M.perbrevi
Megachile relativa, M.subexilis, Chalicodoma subexilis,
Anthidiellum Bombus Tachysphex
Fabac. Robinia neomexicana - NM Locust
Megachile mendica, Dialictus imitatus
Fabac. Thermopsis divaricata - Golden Banner
Andrena,
Fabac. Trifolium pratense - Red Clover (E)
Augochlorella striata, Anthidium psoraleae, Hoplitis,
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Svastra obliqua,
Melissodes bimaculata, Halictus, Calliopsis,
Anthophora, Bombus
Fabac. Trifolium repens - White Clover
*Agapostemon texanus angelicum *Megachile frigida
*Megachile parallela, * Hoplitis pilosifrons *Coelioxys 8dentata
*Heriades carinata *Osmia trevoris? *Bombus fervidus
*Apis mf
Fabac. Vicia americana - Amer.Vetch
Andrena, Anthidium, Hoplitis,
Osmia nigrifrons, Osmia cobaltina, Megachile,
Megachile latimanus, Melissodes, Anthophora,
Fagac. Quercus gambeli
Fumariac. Corydalis aurea - Golden Smoke
Gentianac. Frasera speciosa - Green Gentian
Andrena thaspi, Colletes kincaidi, Halictus rubicundus,
Evylaeus, Bombus rufocinctus, Bombus bifarius,
Bombus sylvicola
Gentianac. Gentiana affinis - Prairie Gentian
Geraniac. Erodium cicutarium - Storkbill (E)
Halictus tripartitus
Geraniac. Geranium caespitosa - Wild Geranium
Andrena, Hoplitis,
Megachile
Grossul. Ribes aureum - Golden Currant
Andrena ribesina, Augochlorella striata,
Sphecodes, *Bombus huntii
Grossul. Ribes cereum - Wax Currant
Andrena ribesina, Augochlorella striata,
Sphecodes
*Bombus huntii,
*Dipt:Bombylius major, *Lep:Vanessa atalanta, *Moth,
*Glaucopsyche-Silvery Blue
Hydrageac. Jamesia americana - Waxflower Bush
Hydrophyll. Phacelia heterophylla - Scorpion Weed
Andrena, Anthidium emarginatum, Anthidium mormonum,
Colletes phaceliae, Callanthidium formosum, Osmia cobaltina,
Osmia densa, Osmia calla, Halictus,
Svastra, Melissodes lupina
Hyperic. Hypericum perforatum - St.John's Wort (E)
Augochlorella striata
Iridac. Iris missourensis - Blueflag Iris
Colletes, Andrena, Augochlorella striata,
Osmia physaria
Lamiac. Monarda fistulosa - Horsemint
Andrena, Megachile mendica, Agapostemon, Halictus,
Svastra obliqua, Melissodes bimaculata, Melissodes,
Melissodes agilis, Dialictus pilosus, Agapostemona,
Augochlorella striata, Bombus, Ceratina,
Coelioxys, Triepeolus helianthi grandis,
Lamiac. Nepeta cataria - Catnip (E)
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Megachile, Svastra obliqua,
Svastra, Melissodes bimaculata, Melisodes communis,
Dialictus imitatus, Agapostemon virescens, Halictus,
Calliopsis, Ceratina, Bombus,
Osmia, Nomada, Epeolus,
Triepeolus
Lamiac. Salvia superba nemorosa
*Halictus farinosus, *Agapostemon virescens, *A.texanum
*Megachile townsendiana, *Megachile parallela, *Anthidium manicatum,
*Bombus huntii `
Lamiac. Scutellaria brittonii - Skullcap
Augochlorella striata, Hoplitis pilosifrons,
Ceratina, Bombus, Halictus,
Melissodes, Anthophora
Lamiac. Stachys byzantina
*Anthidium manicatum *Melissodes bimaculata
Liliac. Allium canadense - Wild Onion
Andrena, Dialictus albipennis, Anthophora
Liliac. Allium cernuum - Nodding Onion
Andrena, Dialictus albipennis, Dialictus imitatus,
Dialictus zephyrus, Anthophora
Liliac. Allium schoenoprasum - Chives
*Hoplitis pilosifrons, *Apis mf
Liliac. Allium textile - Sand Onion
Andrena, Anthophora
Liliac. Calochortus nuttallii - Mariposa Lily
Andrena cressoniellus, Calliopsis andreniformis
Liliac. Leucocrinum montanum - Sand Lily
Liliac. Maianthemum stellatum - False Solomon's Seal
Liliac. Smilacina stellata - False Solomon's Seal
Andrena nigrihirta, Andrena,
Halictus, Evylaeus, Nomada
Linac. Linum lewisii - Blue Flax
Panurginus cressoniellus, *Halictus ligatus, Evylaeus, *Bombus
Diptera: Syrph:Chrysotoxum, Syrph:Syrphus,
Tach:Peleteria
Loasac. Mentzelia decapetala - Giant Eveningstar
*Andrena mentzeliae, *Agapostemon texanum, *Perdita kiowi,
*Bombus pennsylvanicus, *Coleopt:Bothrotes plumbeus
Loasac. Mentzelia nuda - White Eveningstar
Andrena, Megachile latimanus, Agopostemon cockerelli
Bombus fervidus, Bombus huntii
Malvac. Callirhoe involcucrata - Purple Poppy Mallow
Augochlorella striata
Malvac. Malva neglecta - Cheeseweed Mallow (E)
Hoplitis pilosifrons
Malvac. Sphaeralcea coccinea - Copper Mallow
Andrena, *Dialictus anomalus?, Augochlorella striata,
Lithurge apicalis,
Nyctaginac. Abronia fragrans - Prairie Snowball
Nyctaginac. Mirabilis multiflora - Showy Four-O'Clock
Nyctaginac. Oxybaphus linearis - Wild Four-P'Clock
Nyctaginac. Oxybaphus nyctagineus - Umbrellawort
Onagrac. Calolophus serrulatus - Dainty Sundrops
Onagrac. Epilobium angustifolium - Fireweed (E)
*Evylaeus (pectoraloides?),*Megachile parallela, *Bombus morrisoni,
*B.flavifrons, *Apis mf, Dipt:*Bombylius major
Onagrac. Gaura coccinea - Scarlet Gaura
Onagrac. Gaura parviflora - Tall Gaura
Megachile
Onagrac. Oenothera caespitosa - Stemless Evening Primrose
Andrena anograe, Andrena, Sphecodogastra texana,
Agopostemon,
Anthophora,
Dialictus imitatus
Onagrac. Oenothera coronopifolia - Cutleaf Ev.Primrose
*Andrena anograe *Agapostemon texanum angelicum,
Megachile, Lep.:Hyles lineata
Onagrac. Oenothera howardi - Yellow Eveninrg Primrose
Andrena, Dialictus imitatus,
Megachile, Agopostemon
Onagrac. Oenothera virgata - Miner's Candle
Dialictus imitatus, Agapostemon,
Megachile
Papaverac. Argemone polyanthemos - Prickly Poppy
*Agapostemon virescens, Augochlorella striata, *Evylaeus,
*Ceratina, Andrena argemonis, *Apis mf
Plantaginac. Plantago major - Broadleaf Plantain (E)
Nectar-less
Plantaginac. Plantago patagonica - Wooly Plantain
Dialictus imitatus
Polemon. Gilia pinnatifolia - Blue Gilia
Andrena helianthi, Osmia silicorum
Polemon. Ipomopsis aggregata - Scarlet Gilia
Hummingbird
Polemon. Ipomopsis candida - White Gilia
Polygon. Eriogonum alatum - Winged Wild Buckwheat
Andrena, Colletes, Lithurge apicalis,
Megachile,
Polygon. Eriogonum annuum Annual Wild Buckwheat
Andrena, Colletes coloradensis, Lithurge apicalis,
Megachile,
Polygon. Eriogonum effusum
Perdita wootonae (kiowae),
Dipt.:Phthiria, Dipt:Senotainia,
Chrysis perpulchra, Aphilanthops minimus,
Philanthus, Tachytes fulviventris
Polygon. Eriogonum jamesi - James Wild Buckwheat
Andrena, Lithurge apicalis,
Megachile,
Polygon. Eriogonum umbellatum - Sulphur Flower
Andrena, Halictus farinosus, Lithurge apicalis,
Megachile, Sphecid:Cerceris, Crabro,
Dipt.:Nemestrinopsis
Polygon. Polygonum arenastrum - Common Knotweed
Colletes, Andrena,
Augochlorella striata, Megachile
Polygon. Polygonum convolvulus - Wild Buckwheat
Colletes, Andrena, Augochlorella striata,
Megachile
Polygon. Polygonum lapathifolium - Pale Smartweed
Colletes, Andrena, Augochlorella striata
Polygon. Polygonum ramosissimum - Bushy Knotweed
Colletes, Andrena, Augochlorella striata
Polygon. Rumex crispus - Curly Dock (E)
Wind-pollinated/nectar-less
Portulacac. Portulaca oleracea - Prostrate Purslane (E)
Primululac. Dodecatheon pulchellum - Shooting Star
Augochlorella striata, Anthophora, Bombus
Ranunculac. Anemone cylindrica - Thimbleweed
Ranunculac. Aquilegia coerulea - CO Columbine
Augochlorella striata
Ranunculac. Astragene occidentalis - Blue Clematis
Ranunculac. Clematis ligusticifolia - Western Virgin's Bower
*Halictus ligatus, Dialictus occidentalis, Megachile,
Col.:Mordellistena, Pompil.:Mygnimia
Ranunculac. Delphinium geyeri - Larkspur
Ranunculac. Pulsatilla patens - Pasque Flower
Halictus rubicundus lerouxiAgapostemon texanus
Ranunculac. Ranunculus repens - Creeping Buttercup (E)
Andrena, Augochlorella striata
Ranunculac. Thalictrum fendleri - Fendler's meadowrue
Nectar-less
Ranunculac. Viticella orientalis - Yellow Clematis
Rosac. Cercocarpus montanus - Mtn.Mahogany
Lep.:*Vanessa atalanta
Dip:*Syrphid Fly
Rosac. Fragaria virginiana - Wild Strawberry
Andrena, Augochlorella striata
Rosac. Holodiscus dumosus - Mtn.Spirea
Andrena
Rosac. Physocarpus monogynus - Ninebark
Rosac. Potentilla anserina (E)
Halictus, Dialictus imitatus
Rosac. Potentilla fruticosa - Shrubby Cinquefoil (E)
Andrena, Dufourea
Rosac. Potentilla pensylvanica - Prairie Cinquefoil
Andrena, Dufourea
Rosac. Prunus americana - Wild Plum
*Andrena (mariae sphecodina) Agapostemon, Heriades variolosa,
Nomada, Halictus,
Dialictus pilosus, Dialictus imitatus, Dialictus pruinosus,
Evylaeus, Sphecodes,
Ceratina, *Bombus rufocinctus *B.morrisoni
Rosac. Prunus virginiana - Choke Cherry
Andrena candidiformis, *Andrena illinoiensis, *Evylaeus
Halictus farinosus, Lasioglossum, *Sphecodes sophiae, *S,conii
*Nomada lepida, *Stelis Ceratina,
*Bombus rufocinctus *B.morrisoni, *Apis mf,
*Coleopt: Mordella Vesp: *Eumenes,
Lep.:*Vanessa atalanta
Rosac. Rosa woodsii - Wild Rose
Andrena, Augochlorella striata,
Megachile, Megachile latimanus
Rosac. Rubus deliciosus - Boulder Raspberry
Andrena, *Evylaeus (aberrans?), Hoplitis pilosifrons,
Nomada, Megachile, Osmia,
Bombus, *Apis mf
Rubiac. Galium boreale - Northern Bedstraw
Hylaeus, Halictus
Dipt: Hylemya, Maleota
Salicac. Salix exigua - Sandbar Willow
*Colletes salicicola *Andrena erythrogaster, *Andrena melanochroa
*Hoplitis producta *Hoplitis pilosifrons *Heriadas carinata,
*Coelioxys *Nomada lepida, Ceratina
*Sphec.:Philanthus *Vesp.:Leptochilus
Salicac. Salix irrotata - Blue-stem Willow
*Andrena albihirta, *A.mariae *Evylaeus cinctipes arcuatus,
*Lasioglossum (trizonatum?)
*Bombus huntii,
*Dipt:Epalpus signifer,
*other Dipts.
Scrophulariac. Besseya plantaginea - Kittentails
Dialictus anomalus
Scrophulariac. Castilleja integra - Orange Paintbrush
Scrophulariac. Linaria dalmatica - Tall Butter-and-Eggs
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Megachile, Augochlorella striata
Scrophulariac. Linaria vulgaris - Butter-and-Eggs (E)
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Megachile, Augochlorella striata,
Agapostemon, Bombus
Scrophulariac. Pedicularis canadensis - Lousewort
Hoplitis pilosifrons
Scrophulariac. Penstemon angustifolium - Narrowleaf Penstemon
Andrena, *Halictus ligatus, *Evylaeus sythiridis,
*Osmia cobaltina, *O.triste *Ashmeadiella bucconis Anthophora furcata,
Ves:*Polistes dominulus
Scrophulariac. Penstemon secundiflorum - Orchid Beartongue
Andrena, Dufourea, *Anthidium manicatum,
Hoplitis pilosifrons, *Osmia (trevoris?), Anthophora furcata,
*Bombus morrisoni,
Vesp:*Polistes dominulus,
Dipt:*Bombylius, *Syrphid
Scrophulariac. Penstemon unilateralis - Tall Penstemon
Andrena, Dufourea, *Anthidium manicatum,
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Hoplitis, Anthophora furcata,
Pseudomasaris, *Bombus morrisoni
Scrophulariac. Penstemon virens - Blue Mist Penstemon
Andrena, Dufourea, Augochlorella striata,
Hoplitis pilosifrons, Hoplitis, Anthophora furcata
Scrophulariac. Scrophularia lanceolata - Bunny-in-the-Grass
Augochlorella striata, Halictus
Scrophulariac. Verbascum thapsus - Mullein (E)
*Agapostemon virescens, *Agapostemon texanum-angeliEvylaeus,
Bombus, *Apis mf,
Curculionidae: *Gymnetron
Solanac. Physalis hederifolia - Fendler's Groundcherry
Nectar-less?
Solanac. Physalis heterophylla - Clammy Groundcherry
Nectar-less? Augochlorella striata
Verbenac. Verbena bracteata - Prostrate Vervain
Augochlorella striata, Hoplitis, Hoplitis pilosifrons,
Megachile parallela, Megachile latimanus, Calliopsis
Zygophyllac. Tribulus terretris - Puncture Vine
Nomia Megachile
From the listing one can see that the most bee-friendly plant
families are Asteraceae and Fabaceae.
Bee-unfriendly plant families seem to be
Agaverac., Amaranthac., Boraginac., Brassicac., Chenopodac., Convolvulac.,
Cucurbitac., Ericac., Liliac., Malvac., Onagrac., Primulac., Ranunculac.
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